European Golden Plover

Pluvialis apricaria - Pluvier doré

Systematics
  • Order 
    :

    Charadriiformes

  • Family
    :

    Charadriidés

  • Genus
    :

    Pluvialis

  • Species
    :

    apricaria

Descriptor

Linnaeus, 1758

Biometrics
  • Size
    : 29 cm
  • Wingspan
    : 67 à 76 cm.
  • Weight
    : 140 à 210 g
Longevity

12 years

Geographic range

Distribution

Identification

Pluvier doré
♂ adult plum. breeding
Pluvier doré
♀ adult plum. breeding

The European Golden Plover is a medium sized bird, typically charadriid (compact body, big head, small beak and moderate legs). In breeding plumage, its upper parts are brightly coloured black, white and a golden yellow; below, from the face to the belly, is entirely black with a wide white border beginning with a white forehead, followed by a clear white eyebrow and passing the brown ear. Females have a less deep black, with brown feathers. Furthermore, there are individual variations in the extent and quality of black, but the species is currently considered monotypic. The eye is dark. The beak and legs are dark greyish black. In winter plumage, the chest bears a greyish breast speckled with golden yellow and brown merging with the marked brown sides. The belly is white. Juveniles look very much like the adult in winter, but with grey fringes on the sides and belly coverts.
On the bird in flight, the underwing is very pale and particularly the white axillaries stands out from other species. In top view, only the slightly marked white wing bar can be seen, made up of the ends of the greater coverts and the base of the primaries.

Subspecific information monotypic species

Foreign names

  • Pluvier doré,
  • Chorlito dorado europeo,
  • tarambola-dourada-europeia,
  • Goldregenpfeifer,
  • aranylile,
  • Goudplevier,
  • Piviere dorato,
  • ljungpipare,
  • Heilo,
  • kulík zlatý,
  • kulík zlatý,
  • Hjejle,
  • kapustarinta,
  • daurada grossa,
  • Heiðlóa,
  • siewka złota,
  • dzeltenais tārtiņš,
  • zlata prosenka,
  • Золотистая ржанка,
  • ヨーロッパムナグロ,
  • 欧金鸻,
  • ljungpipare,
  • 歐洲金斑鴴,

Voice song and cries

Pluvier doré
♀ adult plum. breeding

The usual call is a plaintive puiii, quite long, with a high pitch, monosyllabic. The male's song on the breeding grounds can be translated as a long-repeated pu piu.

Habitat

Pluvier doré
♂ adult plum. breeding

Spending most of its time on the ground, the European Golden Plover favors flat, open areas with short grass vegetation and no trees, where it can quickly run away in case of danger. During breeding season, typical habitats of the European Golden Plover are heathlands, tundra, and peaty fields. In winter, it frequents cultivated plains, meadows, cereal fields, plowed lands, and polders.

Behaviour character trait

Pluvier doré
♂ adult plum. breeding


Only a minority of the European Golden Plovers of the British Isles are migratory. Those that are start to gather in August, but do not leave their breeding grounds until October in order to overwinter in Ireland.

Pluvier doré
♂ adult plum. breeding
They depart again in the middle of April. Most of the northern birds migrate southwest to winter in the mild oceanic climates of Western Europe. Before the autumn migration, the European Golden Plovers moult and take on their winter plumage. European Golden Plovers form flocks ranging from 50 to 5000 individuals. In spring, the flocks are usually smaller, some migrate alone, others in pairs.

Dietfeeding habits

Pluvier doré
♂ adult plum. breeding

During reproduction, European Golden Plovers feed quite far from their nest. They eat insects, particularly Coleoptera and their larvae. When they are not tending to the eggs or young, the adults both feed and rest night and day and, winter is the prime time for the European Golden Plover, which feeds mainly on earthworms, but also slugs and grass.

Reproduction nesting

Pluvier doré
Poussin

Before breeding begins, the European Golden Plover moults and takes on its more colourful nuptial plumage.

Pluvier doré
adult plum. breeding
Pairs are usually formed just prior to arriving at the nesting site, and they stay together for life. Once the breeding site has been chosen, the male vigorously defends his territory against rival males intruding. The male then digs a number of shallow nesting scrapes in the ground. The female chooses one of them, and both birds go through a courtship display before mating. The nest is then enlarged by the female and lined with grass. About 3 weeks later, the female lays 3-4 eggs over a 2-day period. Incubation is shared between both adults, although to varying degrees. Sometimes the male incubates during the day, and the female at night; alternately, they take turns at regular intervals. The eggs hatch after 28-31 days. The chicks are precocial, meaning they are very well-developed at birth. Shortly after hatching, the parents lead them to nearby feeding grounds and stand guard while they feed. After a month, the young are fully feathered and can breed in the following year.

Geographic range

Pluvier doré
adult plum. transition

The European Golden Plover breeds from northeastern Atlantic (east-central Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Ireland and northern British Isles) to the Taimyr Peninsula in Siberia, passing through northern Germany, Denmark, Fenno-Scandinavia and the Baltic countries. Its wintering area includes Ireland and the British Isles where the species nests and where birds are almost sedentary, as well as the coast of the North Sea (France, Belgium and Netherlands) due to the mild climate, the countries around the Mediterranean and the coasts of the Black Sea (west and south) and south of the Caspian Sea.

Threats - protection

Pluvier doré
♂ adult plum. transition
IUCN conservation status
Extinct
Threatened
Least
concern
Extinc
in the Wild
Near
threatened
Not
evaluated
EX EW CR EN VU NT LC NE

The European Golden Plover is mainly threatened by the disappearance (hydraulic works, sand-pits development, afforestation) and modification of its habitat (abandonment of traditional agricultural practices) and disturbances during the reproduction period.

Sources of information

Other sources of interest

QRcode Pluvier doréSpecification sheet created on 25/07/2023 by
Translation by AI Oiseaux.net
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